Pseudogenes mitocondriales humanos

Recientemente ( Febrero de 2001 ) han sido descritos los pseudogenes mitocondriales humanos. Estos pseudogenes son una copia casi completa del genoma mitocondrial humano en el cromosoma 17. Es decir, que tenemos también el genoma mitocondrial dentro del nucleo.

Sin embargo estos genes no parecen expresarse; de ahí el nombre de pseudogenes. Curiosamente incluyen también el gen invertido MTND6 en su dirección original.

Reproducimos los datos de la página del NIH  ( AF227907 ) :

 

Homo sapiens chromosome 17 sequence containing mitochondrial genome insertion 
 
LOCUS       AF227907    14722 bp    DNA             PRI       02-FEB-2001
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens chromosome 17 sequence containing mitochondrial genome
            insertion.
ACCESSION   AF227907
VERSION     AF227907.1  GI:12656011
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      human.
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Primates; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 14722)
  AUTHORS   Kindmark,A., Kilger,C., Benes,V., Haaf,T., von Haeseler,A. and
            Paabo,S.
  TITLE     An almost complete mitochondrial genome in the nuclear genome of
            humans and the great apes evolves as a nuclear pseudogene
  JOURNAL   Unpublished
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 14722)
  AUTHORS   Kindmark,A., Kilger,C., Benes,V., Haaf,T., von Haeseler,A. and
            Paabo,S.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (22-JAN-2000) Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
            Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..14722
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="17"
                     /map="17p11.2"
                     /clone="H0992Q06"
                     /note="P1 clone from the Resource Center of the German
                     Human Genome Project, Berlin, Germany"
     misc_feature    491..13801
                     /note="nearly complete mitochondrial genome"
     misc_feature    13802..14046
                     /note="contains inverted mitochondrial ND6 pseudogene"
BASE COUNT     4614 a   3931 c   2080 g   4097 t
ORIGIN      
        1 aaaattcaga tgaggatatt aatccaatat tgacaatttc ttcaggaata tcaagtgaat
       61 aataatgatt tcactttttt gtttcatttt gtttttgaca taagatcttg ttctgctgcc
      121 caggctggag tacagcagca ggatcgtgac tcactacagc ctctgccttc tgggctaaag
      181 cagtcctcct acttcagcct cctgtgtaac tgggaccaca gatgcacacc accaggccca
      241 ggtaattttt tattttttgg tagagacaga gtcttattat gtttcccaag ctagtcttga
      301 acttctgggc tcaagcaagc ctctcacttc agccacccaa aatgctggga tgacaggcat
      361 gagtcaccat gcccagcata aagattttat tatgtggaaa taaaaggaca ttaaaatata
      421 acttgaaata acccatttct cgcaagtatt aatttttcca ccagttaatc aaatagtgcc
      481 aacactagac accaacccca cttccattgc taatcccact aatacactca ccaagacttc
      541 aattcctgac ccccatgtct caggatactc ctcaatagcc attgccatag tatatccaaa
      601 aacaaccatc gtacccccta gataaattaa aaaaaccatt aaacccatat aacctccccc
      661 ataattcaga ataataacac acccaactac accactaata atcaatacta tacccccata
      721 aataggagaa ggtttagaag aaaaccctac aaaccctatt actaaagcca cacttaatga
      781 taataaagca tatgtgatta atcccacatg gattacaacc acgaccaatg atatgagaaa
      841 ccatcatttt atttcgacta taagaacacc aatgacccca acacgtaaaa ctaatccact
      901 agtaaaaata atcaaccact cacttatcga tctccccgcc ccatccaaca tctccatatg
      961 atggaacttc agcttgcttc ttggtgcctg cttaaccctt caaattatta caggactatt
     1021 cctagctata cgctactcac cagacgcctc aaccgccttc tcctcagtcg tccacatcac
     1081 tcgagatgta aactatggct gaatcatccg ctacctccat gccaatggcg cctcaatatt
     1141 tttcatctgc ctcttcctac atattggccg aggcctgtac tatggcttat ttctctacct
     1201 agaaacctga aacattggca tcattctcct actcacaccc atagcaacag ccttcatagg
     1261 ctaggtactc ccatgaggcc agatatcctt gaggggccac ggtaatcaca aatctactgt
     1321 ccgccattcc ttatgtcgga acagacctgg tgcagtgggt ttgaggtggt tattcagtag
     1381 acacacccac tctcacacga ttcttcacct tccactttat cctacctttc attattacag
     1441 ccctagtagt cttacaccta ctatttctcc atgagacagc atcaaataac ccctcaggaa
     1501 tctcctccca ctccaacaaa attaccttcc acccctacta catgaccaaa gatatcctag
     1561 cctattctcc tcctctcacc ctaataacac tagtactgtt ttcacccgac ctcctaactg
     1621 atccagataa ctacacccta gccaaccgcc tgaatactcc accccatatt aaacccgaat
     1681 ggtattttct atctgcctac gcaatcttat gatccatccc caacaaacta ggaggcgtac
     1741 tggccctcct actatcaatc ctcatcctag cagcaattcc cacacttcac atgtccaaac
     1801 aacaaagcat aatattctgt ccactaaacc aattcctata ttgactccta attacagatc
     1861 tccttatcct cacatgggtt ggaggacaac cagcaagcta ccccttcatc accttcggac
     1921 aaacagcatt cgtagtttac tttgctacaa ttctagccct gataccgctt gcctccctac
     1981 tcgaaaacaa aatactcaaa tggacctgcc cttgtagtat aaaccaatat attggtcttg
     2041 taaaccagaa atggagactc tctcccaagg acaactcaga gaaaaagtac ttgacttcac
     2101 catcagcacc caaagctaag attctaattt aaactactct ctgtattctc atgagggagc
     2161 cattttgggt acaacccaag tatcgaccca ccccaccata attttatata tatcgtgaat
     2221 ttctgctagc caccatgaat attatatagt actataattg cttaactgta catagtacat
     2281 atcaaacgaa actcaacaac aactcctccc cacgacgctt acaagcaagg actagaatac
     2341 cttaactaac ggtaacacat taaacccacc ctccaaaaga aacttctcaa ccacaagcgt
     2401 accaaaaaac actatatatc cttgagtaca tagtacatct aatcgctcat ggtagatagc
     2461 acattccagt taaacaagtc ctcgtcaata cggatatccc cctcagatag tggtccgttg
     2521 ttcaccatcc tctgtgaaat caatatcctg cagaagagtg ctactcttct tgatccaggt
     2581 ccataatact tgggggtagc tataatgaac tgtatccggc atcttgttct tacctcacag
     2641 ccataaagtc aagaccaacc acacgttccc cttaaataag acatcacgat ggatcacggg
     2701 tctattaccc tattaatcag tcacgggagc tctccatgca tttggtattt taatctgggg
     2761 ggtgtgcacg cgatagcatt gtgaaacgct ggccccagag caccctatgt cgcagtgtct
     2821 gtctttgatt cctgccccat cccattattg atcacaccta cattcaatat cccaggcgag
     2881 catacctatc acaaggtgtt aattaattaa tgcttgtagg acataacaat cagtaaacac
     2941 acccacggcc gcttttcaca tcaactctac aataaaattc tgcaaatccc cttcccccat
     3001 ctttggcctc accaacccag gaaaagacat ctttgccaaa ccccaaaaac aaaaagcctt
     3061 aatccaactc aaccagagcc caaattttta tctttaggct gtacgcattt ttaacagtca
     3121 cccctcaact aacacgtctt tttccctctt agcctcactt cacagactct acaaatttag
     3181 ttatcccttt ttcagccatc ccattcaacg catgcccgac cactactaaa ccaacaccct
     3241 aaactaaccc aaccccaaag gcaaggcttt cccccctacc cattgcttgt atgcccatcc
     3301 cctagccttg cttacactgt gcaatcacag tctatgtagc ttaatgaccc aaagcaagac
     3361 actgaaaata tctagatggg cctacactgc cccatagaca aataggtttg gtcctagcct
     3421 ttctattaac tcttagtaag attacacaag caagcatcgc caccctggtg aaataaccct
     3481 ctaaatcact acaatcaaaa ggagtaagta tcaagcacgc attagtgcag ctcaaaacac
     3541 tttgcctagc cacaccccca cgggagacag cagtgataaa cctttagcaa taaacgaaag
     3601 tttaactgag ctatactaac tttagggttg gttaatttca tgccagccac cacggtcata
     3661 cgatgaaccc aagctaatag agactggcgt aaagaatgtt ttacattatc cctcaataaa
     3721 gctaaatttc acctaagttg tagaaaaccc tagttgatat aaaacaaact acgaaagtgg
     3781 ctttaatatt tctgaataca caatagcgaa gattcaaact gggattagat accccactat
     3841 gctcagccct aaacttcaac agttaaatca acaaaactgc tcgccagaac actaggagca
     3901 acagcttaaa actcaaagga cctggcggtg cttcacatcc ctctagagga gcctgttcta
     3961 taatcgataa accccaattc acctcaccac ctcttgctca acccatatac cgccatcttc
     4021 agcaaaccct gacaaaggcc acaaagtaag cacaagtatc tacataaaaa tgttaggtca
     4081 aggtgtagcc tatgaggtgg caagaaatgg gctacatttt ctaccccaga aaattctaca
     4141 ataaccctta tgaaacctga gggtccaagg aggatttagt agtaaattaa gaacagagtg
     4201 cttaattgaa tagggccata aagcacgcac acaccaccca tcaccctcct caagtatatt
     4261 tcaaggacta tctaactaaa acccctatgc atttatatag aggagataag ttggataaac
     4321 caaggtgtag cttaacataa agcaccctgc ttacacctgg gagatttcaa tttaatttga
     4381 ccaccctgag ctaattctag ccccaaaccc aactaattct actaccaaat aacctcaact
     4441 aaaacattta cccaaataaa gtataggcga tagaaatgat atctcggcac aatagacata
     4501 ataccgcgat ggaaagatga aaaaacataa ccaagcataa agtagcaagg acaaacccct
     4561 ataccttctg cataatgaat taactagaaa taactttaca aagagaacca aagccaagac
     4621 ccccgaaacc agacgagcta cctaagaaca gctgaaagag cacacccatc tatgtagcaa
     4681 aatagtggga agattcatag gtagaggtga caagcctacc gagcctggtg atagctggtt
     4741 gtccaagata gaatcttagt tcaactttaa atttatctac agaaccagct aatgcctttg
     4801 taaatttaac tgttagtcta aagagggaca gctctttaga cactaggaaa aaaccttgta
     4861 gagagagtaa aaaatataac ttccaaagtt ggcctagaag aagcgatcaa ttaagaaggc
     4921 gttcaagctc aacacccaac cacccaaaaa attccaaaca cataactgaa ctcctcacat
     4981 cacattggac caatctatca tttcatagaa gaaataatgt tagtataagt gacatgcaaa
     5041 cattctcctc cgcataagcc tacatcagac caaaatactt cactgacaat taacagccca
     5101 atatctataa ataatcaatg aaaccattat tacccacact gttaacccaa cacaggcatg
     5161 cttacaagga aaggttaaaa aaagtaaaag gaactcagcg aatcttaccc ctcctgttta
     5221 tcaaaaacat cacctctagc attaccagta ctagaggcac cacctgccca gtgacatatg
     5281 tttaatggct gcggtaccct aaccgtgtaa aggtagcata atcacttgtt ccttaaatag
     5341 ggacttgtct gaatggctcc acgagggttc agctgtctct tactttcaac cagtgaaatt
     5401 gacctgcccg tgaagaggcg gacataatac aacaagacga gaagacccta aggagcttta
     5461 atttatgaat gcaaacaaga ccaaataggc ccgcaggccc taaactacca gacctgcgtt
     5521 aaacatttcg gttggggcga cctcggagta taacctaacc tccgagcaac atatgctgag
     5581 actataccag tcaaggcgaa tatccacata caattgaccc aataatttga ccaacggaac
     5641 aagttaccct agtgataaca gtacaatcct attctagggt ccacatcgac agtagcatta
     5701 acgacctcga tgttggatca ggacatccca atggtgcagc cgctattaaa ggttcgtttg
     5761 ttcaacgatt agagtcctat gtgatctgag ttcagaccgg agtaatccag gttggtttct
     5821 atctattcta catttcttcc agtacgaaag gataagagaa atggggccca cttcataaag
     5881 tgcccctgcc ccatagatga tattatctca gcattttact gtacccacac ccacccaaga
     5941 acagggtttg ttaagatggc agaccccagc aattgcataa aatttaaaac tttacaacca
     6001 gaggttcaac ccctcttctt aacaacatgt ccataactaa ccttctactt cttattgtac
     6061 ctatcctaat cgccatggca ttcttcatgc taactgaatg aaaaatccta ggctacatgc
     6121 aactacgcaa agggcccaat attgtaggcc cctatggact attacaacct tttgccgatg
     6181 ccataaaact ctttaccaaa gaatccttaa aaccctcaac gtcaactgtt accctctaca
     6241 tcactgcccc aaccttagcc ctctctattg cccttctact atgaactccc ctccctatac
     6301 ctaaccccct agttaatctt aacttaggcc ttctattcat tctggctaca tccagcctag
     6361 ctgtctactc tatcctatga tcaggatgag catcaaactc aaactatgcc ctgatcggcg
     6421 cattatgagc agttgcccaa acaatttcat acgaagttac cctagctatc atcctattat
     6481 cgatcctact aataagtggc caattcaatc tctgcaccct cattagaaca caagaacacc
     6541 tctgactact cctaacatca tgacccctag ctataatatg atttatttcc acactagcag
     6601 aaaccaatcg agctgctttt gaccttactg aaggagaatc agaactagtc tcaggcttca
     6661 acattgaata tgctgcaggc ccattcgccc tattctttat agccgaatac ataaatatca
     6721 ttaaaataaa tgccctaact gccataatct tcctaggtac aatatataat attcacctac
     6781 cagaactcta cacaatatgc ttcaccatta aaaccctatt cctaacctct ctatttttat
     6841 gaatccgaac agcatacccc cgattccact acgatcaact catgtatctc ttatgaaaaa
     6901 atttcttacc atttacacta gcactactta tatgatacat ctcaatatcc gctacaattt
     6961 ccaacattcc cccctaaact taagaaatat gtctgacaaa agagtgactt tgatagagta
     7021 aataatagag gtttgaatcc tcttatttct aggaccatag gaattgaacc tatccctgag
     7081 aatccaaaat tctccgtgcc acgtgtcaca ccctatcctg gagtaaggtc agctaaataa
     7141 gctatcaggc ccatacccag aaaatgttgg ttatatcctt cccgtactaa tcaatccact
     7201 ggcccaacct gtcatctact ccaccgtttt cacaggtaca ctcattgcaa cattaagctt
     7261 gcactgattt tttacctgga caggattgaa aataaacata ctagctttta tcccaatttt
     7321 aattaaaaaa ataaaccccc gctctacaga aactgctatc aaatactttc tcacataagc
     7381 aaccacatct ataatcctca taatagctat cctctccaac aatgtactct ccggacaatg
     7441 aaccacaacc aacaccacca acaaatactc atcattaata atcacaacag ccctagtaat
     7501 aaaactagga atagcccctt tccgtttctg agtcccagaa gtcactcaag gaacccctct
     7561 aatatccagc ctacttcccc tcacatgaca aaaattagcc cctatttcaa ttatatatca
     7621 aatctcccca ttaataaaca ttctccttac cctttcaatc ttatccatta tagtgggtag
     7681 ctggggtgga ctgaaccaaa cccaactatg taaaatccta gcatactcct caatcaccca
     7741 tataggctga ataatagcag tactagcata caacccaagt atcaccattt tcaacctaat
     7801 catctatatc attctaacaa ccaccacatt cctggtactc aacttgaact ctagcactac
     7861 aaccctacta ctgtgccgca cttgaaataa actaacctga ctaatacccc taatcccatc
     7921 taccctacta tcactaggag gccttccccc actaactggc tttctaccca aatgatttat
     7981 cattgaagaa ttcacaaaaa ataacaacct cattatcccc actaccatag ccattattac
     8041 tctctttaac ctatatttta acatacgctt aatctactct gcttcaatta cactattccc
     8101 catatccaac aacgtaaaaa taaaatgaca tttgaaatac aaaatccaca ccactcttcc
     8161 ccacactcac tgtccttacc accctcctcc taccaatctc tccacttaca ctacccacct
     8221 catataaatt tatgttaaac gcagactaag agccttcaaa gcccttagta agttaataat
     8281 acttaatttc tgcagcaccc aaggactgca aaaccctact ttgcatctac tgaacgcaaa
     8341 tcagccactt taattaagct aagcccttgc tagatcaatg ggacttaaac ccacaaaaat
     8401 ttggttaaca gctaaatacc ttaatcaact ggcttcaatc tacttctccc gccgcaaggg
     8461 aaaaaaggcg ggagaagccc aggcaggatt gaagctgctt ctttgaattt gcaattcaac
     8521 atgaaaggca cctcagggct ggtaaaaaga gagtttttag atttacagtc taatgctttg
     8581 ctcagccatc ttacccacta atgttcgcca accgctgact attctcaaca aatcataaag
     8641 atatcggaac actatattta ttgtttggtg catgagctgg agtcttgggc acagccttaa
     8701 gcctccttat tcagactgaa ctaggtcaac ctggcaacct tctaggtaac gaccacatct
     8761 acaacgtcat cgtcacagcc cacacattct tcataatctt tttcatagta atgtctatca
     8821 taattggagg ttttggcaat tgactggtcc ccctgataat tggcgcccct gacatggcat
     8881 ttccctgcgt aaataacata agcttctggc tccttcccca cccctttcta ctactgctgg
     8941 catctgctat gatagaagct ggtgccggaa caggttgaac ggtttaccct cctttggcag
     9001 gaaactattc ccatccagag gcctctgtag acctaaccat tttctccctt catctagcag
     9061 gtgtctcctc tattctagga gctattaatt tcatcaccac aattattaac ataaaacccc
     9121 ctgccatata tcaataccaa acgcccctct ttgtctgatc tgtcctaatc acggcagtcc
     9181 tactcctcct ctccttccag tcttggccgc tggcattact atactgctaa cagaccgtaa
     9241 ccttaatatt acctttttga cctggccgga gaaggggacc ctatcctata acaacaccta
     9301 ttttgattct ttggtcaccc tgaagtctat attctcatcc taccaggctt tggaataatt
     9361 tctcacatcg taccatatta ttccggaaag aaagaaccat tcgggtacat aggtatggtc
     9421 tgggctataa tatcaattgg cttcctaggg tttattgtat gagcccatca tatattcaca
     9481 gtagggatag atgtagacac acgagtttac tttacctctg tcactataat tattgccatc
     9541 cccactggcg tcaaagtatt tagctgactt gctacgctcc atgggggtaa caccaaatgg
     9601 tccaccgcag tactctgagc cctaggattc atcttccttt ttacagtggg tggcctaacg
     9661 gacattgtac tagcaaactc atcattagac atcgtactac atgatacata ttatgttgtg
     9721 gcccactttc actacgttct atcaatagga gctgtgttca ccatcatggg gggcttcatc
     9781 cactgatttc ccttattctc aggctacaca ctcggccaag cttatgccaa aattcacttt
     9841 gccatcatat ttgtaggcgt aaatctaacc ttcttcccgc agcactttct cggcctatct
     9901 gagatgtccc gatgttattc cgactacccc gatgcatata ccacaggaaa tattttatca
     9961 tctgtaggct cattcatctc cctaaaagca gtagtgctaa taattttcat aacctgagag
    10021 accttcgctt caaagcgaaa agtcctaata aatgagcaac cttccactaa cctagagtgg
    10081 ctgtagggat gccctccacc ctaccataca tttaaagaac cagtctacat aaaacctaga
    10141 caaaaaagga aggaattgaa cctcctaagg ctggtttcaa gccagcctca taacccctat
    10201 gactttttca acaagatatt aggaaaacta tttcataact tcgtcaaagt taagttacag
    10261 gttaaacccc gtatatctta atggcacacg cagcccagct aggtcttcaa gacgccacat
    10321 cccctatcat agaagagcta atcgccttcc atgatcacgc cctcataatc atctttctta
    10381 tcagctttct agttttatac gccctcttcc taacaattac aacaaaacta acactaacat
    10441 cacagacgcc caagaaatag aaactgtttg aatgattcta cctgccatta tcctagtcct
    10501 aattgccctt ccatccctac gtatcctgta cgtaacagat gaaatcaatg acccttcttt
    10561 taccattaaa tcaatcggac accaatgata ctgaacctat gaatacacca attatggagg
    10621 attaattttc aactcttata tacttccacc actattctta gacccaagtg accttcgact
    10681 tcttaaagtt gataatcgag tagtccttcc aattgaagcc cctgttcata taataattac
    10741 atcacaagac gtcctacact catgaactgt ccccacatta ggcttaaaaa cagatgtaat
    10801 ccccggacgc ctaaaccaaa ccacattcac cgccatacga ccaggagtat actacggtca
    10861 atgctcagaa atctgcggag ctgaccatag cttcataacc atcattctag aactaatccc
    10921 gctaaaaatc tttgcaatag gacctgtatc cactttatag gctaccgccc actctcttaa
    10981 taaggttcac tgtagagctg acccagcatt aaccttttaa gttaaagact aagagaatcg
    11041 ctatctcttt acagtgacat gcctcaacta gacaccacca tatgacccac tatcgtcgca
    11101 tcaatactcc tcacattatt actcatcatt caactaaaag tactaaacac aaactaccat
    11161 ctgcctacct cactaaaaat tattaacatg caaaaccaca ataatccttt agagtcaaaa
    11221 tgaacgaaaa tctgtttact tcattcattg cccccacaat tctaggcctt ccagctgcag
    11281 tgccaatcgt tctatttctc cccatgctga ttccagcttc caaacacctt atcaacaacc
    11341 gattaattac cactcaacag tgactaattc aactcaccct aaaacaaata ataacaataa
    11401 ataacattaa aggacgaacc tgatccctca tgctaatatc cctaattatc ttcattgcta
    11461 caaccaatct cctcgggctc ttgcccactc attcacacca actacccaac tgtcataaac
    11521 ctggccatgg caatccccct atgagcaggt gcagtaatta caggcttccg ctttaaaacc
    11581 aaaaatacct tagcccatct cttgccacaa ggcacaccct cacccctcat tcccatacta
    11641 attattatcc aaaccatcag cctatttatc caaccaatag ccctagccat gcccctaact
    11701 gctaatatta tggcaggcca tctgctcata cacttaatca gaagtgccac actagcgcta
    11761 tcaactatca acctccccac aacctcaatc atcttcacaa ttttgatttt actgacgatt
    11821 ctcgaaatcg ctgtcgccct gattctagcc tatgttttca cactcctagt gagcctctac
    11881 ctacatgaca atacataatg gctcaccaat cacatgccta tcacatagta aaacccagcc
    11941 catgacctct aacaggggcc ctttcagccc tcctaatgac atccggccta gctatatgat
    12001 tccactttta ctctaccacc ctactaacac taggcctact gaccaatgca ctaaccatat
    12061 accagtgatg atgtgatgtt gtacgagaag gtacatacca agaccaccac acagtacccg
    12121 tccaaaaagt ccttcggtat ggaataattt tattcatcat ctcagaagtc tttttcttcg
    12181 ctggattctt ctgagcattc taccactcca gcctagcccc cacccctcaa ctaggaggac
    12241 actgaccccc aacaggcatc actccactca accccctaga agtcccactc ctaaacacat
    12301 ctgtactact cgcatcggga gtttcaatta cttgagctca ccatagccta atagagaaca
    12361 attgtaatca agcaattcaa gcactactta tcacaatctt actaggcatc tacttcaccc
    12421 tcctacaagt ttcagaatac tttgaagccc cctttactat cgccgatggt atgtatggtt
    12481 caacatgttt tgtagctacg ggcttccacg ggctccccgt catcattggt tcaacattcc
    12541 ttactgtttg ccttatccgc caactattat atcattttac atccaagtac cacttcggct
    12601 tcgaagccgc tgcttgatac tgacactttg tagatgtagt ttgactattc ctatatgtct
    12661 ctatctactg gtgaggatct tactctttta gtatagacag taccactgac ttccaattaa
    12721 ctagtttcga taacactcga aaaagagtaa taaacctggc actagcccta acagtcaaca
    12781 ccctcctggc cccattacta ataaccatca cattttgatt accacaactt aatatctaca
    12841 taggaaagtc taacccttat gaatggggtt tgacccacta tcctctgctc gcattccctt
    12901 ctccataaaa ttcttcttga ttgctatcac ctttttatta tctgacctag aaattgccct
    12961 attactaccc ctaccgtgag ccctccaaac aaccaatcta ccactaacag ttgtatcatc
    13021 actcacatta gttactatct taatcctaag tttgacttat gaactatccc agaaaaggtt
    13081 agactgagtc aaattggtaa gtagtttaac agacaaaaac aatgattttg acttgttaga
    13141 ttatgatagt catacttaca aaatgcccct catctacata aacattacat tagcatttac
    13201 tacctcactg ttaggaatac taatctatcg ctcacaccta acgtcctccc tactatgcct
    13261 agaggggata atattatctc tattcatcgt aaacaccctc ataaccctaa acacacactc
    13321 tcccttaatt aacatcatac ctatcaccat attagtcttt gctgcctgtg aagcagcagt
    13381 gggcctcacc ctactagtct caatttctaa cagatacggt ctagatatgt acataactta
    13441 aacttactcc aatgttaaaa ttaattatcc ctacaatcat actacttcca acaacatgac
    13501 tctctaaaaa ccatataatt tgaattaaca taaccactca cagcctaatt aacagctcta
    13561 tcccactgtt atttttcaac caagccaacg acaatctatt tagctactct ctttctcctc
    13621 tgaccccctg atgacacccc ttctaatact aacagcctga cttctacctc ttatgatcat
    13681 agcgagtcaa tgccacttat ctaacaagtg ccccttacgg aaaaaaactt tacctgtctg
    13741 tactaatcac ccttcaaatc tccctgatca taacattcat ggccacagaa ctaatcatat
    13801 tgattattag tggtgtagtt gggtgtgtta ttattctgaa ttatggggga ggttatatgg
    13861 gtttaatagt tttttaaatt tatctaggag tatgatggtt gtttttggat atactacagc
    13921 aatggctatt gaggagtatc ctgagacacg ggggtcagga attgaagtct tggtgagtgt
    13981 attagcggga ttatcaatgg aagtggggtt ggtcttatga gtgaaggagt atgatggggt
    14041 ggtggtagtg gtcacattct ttgctgaaca aacggtacct caaataactt catacaaata
    14101 ctactgggaa acttagcatt ttattaaaat gtttaaattt cctattttat caaatctaac
    14161 atattagtaa taatatattc cttttattca actttaaagt tctattcaac aatagcaatt
    14221 tataatttta tattattaaa tgttattcat acagtttaat aattttataa tttagcatta
    14281 atgaaaccag cacagacaat ataatgttca tgatatttta tgtatatgtt taacatacac
    14341 atacataatt caacattaat ggcttcctta attaccatta atattataat tttatattat
    14401 catttaagtt tgcccttcta ttttaatatt agatgtctta gcatccatca gttctatcaa
    14461 gctcttctca ctggttcttc tttgaattcc agacatggcc acaatcttct cttctaaaat
    14521 tctaaaatct gagggctctc gctggctggg tgctgctgga agaactgtaa cttggttgtt
    14581 atctcaacgg tattttattt taaatgtttc aattaaaaga agtttttaaa aatgtggaat
    14641 cctgagaata ttcacttttt aaatacaatg ggaatgtatt taatgtatcg ctgaagtctg
    14701 ttctcctcgt ttgatccagg gt
//

cadena H

pseudogenes mitocondriales

genes de tRNAs

genes de mRNAs

cadena transportadora

cadena L

nomenclatura aminoácidos

código estandar

código mitocondrial

genes de rRNAs

secuencias de DNA

expresión del mitDNA

mitobase proteica

el mitomapa

oligocalculator

herramientas de cálculo

terapia génica y ética

links

la mitocondria humana

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